Journal of Research Development in Nursing and Midwifery

The Effect of Entonox on Labor Pain and Outcome of Delivery in Primiparous in Iranshahr, Iran (2009)

Tahmineh Salehian

Background and Objective: Labor pain is a severe pain and the most well-known one. When the pain is not relieved, it leads to some adverse effects such as the increase of cardiac output, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen consumption, and catecholamine levels. All of them can have a harmful effect on both mother and infant. Pain during labor is accompanied by fear, which makes slow the progress of labor. In many countries, because the side effects of the drugs can cause adverse effects on women and their infants, analgesic medications may not be given. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Entonox on labor pain and outcome of delivery in primiparous women in Iranshahr, Iran (2009).

Material and Methods: In this study , in order to determine the effect of Entonox on labor pain and outcome of delivery, 100 primiparous women were randomly assigned to two equivalent groups (n = 50): case and control group . Data were collected by a questionnaire. Labor pain was measured seven times by using a (visual-analogue scale). The length of delivery time was calculated in two stages: from four centimeter cervical dilatation to full cervical dilatation, and from full cervical dilatation to the delivery.

Results: There is a significant difference between the severity of the pain in two groups (P<0.05), But there is no significant difference between the duration of the active phase and the second phase of the labor. There is no significant difference between the first and fifth minute Apgar Scoring between two groups (P<0.05). No atony is observed in the subjects. Sixty-six percent of case group and 42% of control group express that they have satisfaction from their delivery.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that Entonox can be effective intervention to decrease pain during labour.

Assessment of Diabetes Mellitus type II and some Related Factors among Adult People aged 25-65 Years old in Golestan Province, Iran

Abstract Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus and its complications are the leading factors of mortality and morbidity in human. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and some related factors in the north of Iran. Material and Methods: This crossectional–descriptive study was carried out on 1998 cases (1000 men and 998 women) aged 25- 65 years old. The subjects were chosen by stratified sampling. A socioeconomic questionnaire was filled out. We meseared Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Anthropometric indexes such as height, weight and waist. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined when Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) was equal or over 126 mg/dl. Data was analyzed by SPSS software, using Chi Square and T.test (P<0.05). Results: The mean age is 44.2 years. FBS of male is 94.51±32.91 mg/dl and of female is 98.2±40.1. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is 8.3% [(men = 6.8% and women =9.7%), (urban =10.5% and villages=6.4%0)]. There is a positive correlation between FBS and age, waist circumference and BMI (P=0.01). Blood glucose is controlled by diet and physical activity 64.1% and 24.2%, respectively. Conclusion: One out of twelve of adults in Golestan province suffer from DM. Obesity, Overweight and central obesity are coexisting problems with DM. it is a necessity to present a protocol based on screening and education of DM patients.

Nursing Students’ Anxiety in Times of Confronting With Mentally Ill Patients

Background and Objective: Nurses and nursing students, as a member of psychiatric team, have not enough incentive for caring mental disorders. Because of some negative stereotypic beliefs and anxiety, they neglect some aspects of psychiatric care. We decided to study on nursing students’ anxiety in facing with mentally ill patients. Material and Methods: In this descriptive study, 64 nursing students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences were selected via convenience sampling. The instruments were demographic information data sheet and interpersonal anxiety scale. We used Descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests to analyze the data (spss 16). Results: The students aged 43.20±5.1 were female (56.8%) and male (43.20%). Anxiety level in 17.9% of participants were severe and in 48.1% of them moderate (P<0.05). There is significant difference between male and female’s anxiety. Students with clinical experience of being in psychiatric ward have the lower level of anxiety (P<0.05). Conclusion: The Student’s anxiety in facing with mentally ill patients is considerable and we should alleviate this anxiety by some programmed actions such as frequently presenting in psychiatric wards and by special education.

Mental Health Status of Pregnant Women Referring to Shahinshahr Health Care Centers

Background and Objective: The pregnancy period has been conceptualized as a time of vulnerability for the women who should adjust to new difficulties and concerns.The present study aimed at determining the mental health status of pregnant women. Material and Methods: In this descriptive study, 315 pregnant women covered by Shahinshahr health care centers were assessed. We used stratified sampling method for choosing health care centers and allocated the participants by using a sampling fraction in each of the centers. The instrument was standard questionnaire of GHQ.Then the data were analyzed by Chi Square (SPSS soft ware). Results: the findings show that 44.8% of pregnant women are suspected to have mental disorders, including social dysfunction (26%), anxiety disorder (18.26%), somatization disorder (17.5%) and depressive disorder (16%).There is no significant difference between mental health of pregnant women and their demogeraghic findings (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, the mental health in pregnant women is not satisfactory, therefore it is important for primary care providers to be aware of changes in mental health status of pregnant women to help them promote their mental health.

The Pregnancy and Childbirth Outcome of Adolescent and Young Mothers in Dezyani Hospital of Gorgan, Iran (2008)

Background and Objective: Pregnancy in the early years of reproductive period has been considered as a high-risk pregnancy. Since different factors interfere with pregnancy and its outcome in teenagers, this study was conducted to determine the outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth in adolescents in Dezyani Hospital of Gorgan, Iran (2008). Material and Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, we compared the pregnancy outcome of 91 primigravida teenagers (less than 19 years) with that of 89 women (19-29 years) as control group. The data collected from patients medical records are mother's age, gestational age, and fetal presentation , gestational hypertension, diabetes mellitus, the way of delivery, hemoglobin status before and after childbirth, first and fifth minute Apgar scores, neonatal anthropometric indices, mode of delivery, congenital anomalies. Data were analyzed with descriptive-analytic tests, using the SPSS.16 software. Results: The mean age of the case and control group is 17.73±1.30 and 24.56±2.54, respectively. In admission, young mothers have significant more weight and height (p<0.05). Mean gestational age is almost the same in teenage (38.59±3.15week) and young mothers (38.09±3.0week). Neonatal anthropometric indices and first and fifth minute Apgar scores are not significantly different in two groups. Conclusion: Mother's age can not be the only determinant of the outcome of pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnancy in teenagers isn't associated with the decrease of gestational age, anthropometric indices and Apgar score, and is not related with the increase of early childbirth and maternal and neonatal mortality.

The Knowledge and Attitudes of Driving License Trainee of First Aids for the Victims of Road Accidents

Background and Objective: Road accident is one of the most common causes of death and injury of people and sometimes the cause of permanent cripple. Rescuing of the victims, preventing from aggravating the injuries and helping them to transfer to medical centers depends on applying the first aids at the scene of the accident. The drivers are the first people who are faced with the victims in road accidents, therefore we decided to determine the knowledge and attitudes of driving license trainees about first aids for the victims of road accidents. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study in 2007, using census sampling, 240 driving license trainees of 12 institutes in Gorgan filled out a valid and reliable questionnaire about knowledge and attitudes toward first aids for road accident victims. We used a Questionnaire including 29 questions in the field of first medical helps and analyzed the data by using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: Most of the trainees (86%) are younger than 20 years old. Eighty-three point eight percent of them have high school diploma. The trainees (71.3%) have never passed any first aid training class. The knowledge of 70% of them is average. The trainees’ attitude (65.8%) is average. There is no significant relationship between the study variables and knowledge and attitudes of the trainees toward first aids of victims of road accidents. Conclusion: The results indicate that most of trainees of driving license that may be a driver in future have average knowledge and attitudes toward first aids and need to be instructed.

Age of Menarche and its Relationship with Some Factors in the Schoolgirls of Gorgan in 2006

Background and Objective: Menarche, determined as the latest sign of puberty, is affected by several factors. Since the onset of menarche indicates the readiness for reproduction, having information about its related factors has great importance. Information about the age of menarche in this region and its related factors is low, therefore this study aimed at obtaining the age of menarche and associated factors in high school students. Material and Methods: In this descriptive analytic research, the samples were 557 students chosen by stratified random sampling. We collected the data by a form and analyzed by kruskal Wallis (SPSS 11.5). Results: The mean age of the samples is 15.93. Most samples are urban (82.8%) and Fars ethnic groups (90.4%). The mean age of Menarche is 13.19±1.06. Between family size and age of Menarche is a direct relationship (P<0/001). Between mother's education level and age of Menarche is inversely relationship (P<0/003). With increasing birth rank, the menarche age is increased but it is not significant. Conclusion: According to our results, it is necessary to give some instructions to girls, parents and teachers about the age of menarche and its effects on life, including increased risk of early pregnancy

The Associalion between Praying Related Attitude and Behaviors and Students’ Mental Health

Background and Objective: Today, the role of religion and spiritual care has been considered in prevention and treatment of mental health problem. The purpose of the Present study was to detect the association between praying related attitude and behaviors and students’ mental health in Gorgan University of medical sciences. Material and Methods: The subjects of this descriptive-crossectional study were 144 students (71 male and 73 female) selected via convenience sampling. The instruments were General health questionnaire (GHQ) and Praying Related Attitude and Behavior questionnaire. We did data analysis by using Pearson correlation coefficient, mann-whitney and kruskal-wallis (SPSS 16 soft ware). Results: The age of 63.9 percent of Participants is between 20-25 years. There is a significant difference between mental health and praying related attitude and behavior (P<0.05). Mean rank of male and female students' attitude toward praying is significantly different (P<0.05). Female respondents have better attitude toward praying. There is no significant difference between male and female students' praying related behaviors. Conclusion: According to positive relation between mental health and praying, it seems reasonable to conclude that student's mental health is promoted by having positive attitude toward praying and related activities.

The Viewpoint of Nurses about Professional Relationship between Nurses and Physicians

Abstract Background and Objective: Communication is an interaction between two persons, in which a message is sent from a source to a receiver to provide an aim. The relationship between nurse and physician is the interaction existed in patient care to access to a common thrauputical goal. One of the main causes of stress in nursing profession is a lack of effective relationship with other health care workers, especially physicians. We decided to survey the professional relationship between nurses and physicians to promote patient care quality. Material and Methods: The subjects of this crossectional study were all 97 nursing staff of three hospitals (Imam Khomeini in Bonab, sina and amiralmomenin in Maragheh).The instrument was a questionnaire composed of two parts of demographic data and professional relationship (22 items) scaled by likert. The data were tabulated in computer and analyzed by SPSS (16 versions). Results: The subjects are both female (86.8%) and male (13.2%). The mean age is 32.5 and record of service is 8.8 years. Seventy-seven percent of subjects are married and (23.3%) are single. Most of them (94.7%) are BSc of nursing and the rest are high school diploma of nursing. The viewpoint of nurses is moderate (80.4%), bad (6.2%) and good (13.4%). Conclusion: The main case of inappropriate interaction is that the physicions don’t try to ask nurses perspectives. When the interaction between nurses and physictions is improved, the level of nursing quality is increased too.