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Fertility intentions for a second child and related factors among Chinese nurses: A cross-sectional study
Jialu Li, Yue Zhao , Maoyun Miao , Yaqi Huang , Zhichao Liu , Guiyu Qu , Shixiang Chen ,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (9-2025)
Abstract
Background: The reproductive willingness of women of childbearing age and its related factors is key to coping with the change in population structure. This study aimed to explore fertility intention and associated factors for having a second child among Chinese nurses.
Methods: A cross-sectional multi-center study was conducted in three hospitals in Shandong, China, from November 2023 to January 2024. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling among female nurses. The survey was conducted face to face, enabling participants to ask questions and clarify difficulties with the questionnaire.
Data were analyzed via IBM SPSS 19.0. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to clarify the determinants of respondents’ fertility intention (yes, no, or not sure), with a p-value less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Overall, 39.2% of participants reported that they would not have a second child under the current birth policy, which accounted for the highest proportion. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that those with higher work-family conflict, higher income, and late pregnancy were more likely to report a negative response toward fertility intention for a second child.
Conclusion: Family economic condition, age of the first child, and overloaded work were found to be significant influencing factors of Chinese nurses’ fertility intention to have a second child. Existing policies in China should continue to be implemented, including policy support and ideological guidance, to ensure that nurses have fewer worries when deciding to give birth to their second child. Limited by the cross-sectional study design, more qualitative studies are needed to explore barriers among populations who do not intend to have a second child.
 

The relationship between spiritual and emotional intelligence and pain tolerance in orthopedic surgery patients in Baghdad, Iraq
Arefe Fattah , Eman Al-Awabdeh , Alaa Jawad Kadhim, Masoome Ghotbi , Richard Mottershead , Hamid Reza Khosravizade Tabasi, Erfan Rajabi , Hadi Ahmadi Chenari ,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (12-2025)
Abstract
Background: Postoperative orthopedic pain is challenging; inadequate control prolongs hospitalization and increases costs. The present study examined the relationship between spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence and pain tolerance.
Methods: This cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted on 170 orthopedic surgery patients at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in 2023. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the King’s Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, the Bar-On Emotional Quotient (EQ), and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Patients completed instruments two days post-surgery. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23, employing Pearson correlation coefficients, independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA.
Results: Among 170 participants, the mean spiritual intelligence score was moderate (71.23±8.54), while emotional intelligence was low (184.25±17.3). Pain severity was high, with a mean score of 6.22 ± 0.73. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a strong negative association between spiritual intelligence (r = -0.62, p = 0.012) and emotional intelligence (r = -0.86, p = 0.01) and pain, with the relationship being stronger for emotional intelligence. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between the demographic variables of age (r = 0.84, p = 0.02) and the presence of comorbidity (t = 0.45, p = 0.03) with higher pain scores. Variables identified as determinants by the linear regression model included emotional intelligence (b=0.61, P<0.001), spiritual intelligence (b=0.98, P<0.001), age (b=0.17, P=0.02), and comorbidity (b=0.28, P=0.004).
Conclusion: Spiritual and emotional intelligence reduce pain and improve tolerance, with stronger effects observed for emotional intelligence. Strengthening emotional intelligence among patients is essential. Nursing strategies should include training programs to enhance emotional intelligence skills, such as stress management and effective communication, to better equip patients in coping with pain.

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