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  Background and Objective: Smoking and drug abuse are among the most important causes of mortality in both developing and developed countries. The aim of this study was to survey of eleventh grade student’s attitude, based on health belief model (HBM), toward smoking and its complications in Zahedan, Iran.

  Material and Methods : In this cross-sectional study, we selected 380 students through multi
stage clustered sampling. Data gathering was performed by using a valid and reliable researcher- made questionnaire designed on the basis of HBM.

  Results: The mean age of the subjects is 15.9 ± 7. The subjects experienced smoking at least once are 23.2% and regular smokers are 2.1% of them. The results of health belief constructs
are perceived susceptibility­ (74.8%), perceived severity­ (68.2%), perceived barriers­ (42.1%) and perceived benefits (72.1%). About cues to action construct, 61(16.1%) have at least one smoker in their family and 260(68.4%) mention that they have studied about smoking and its' disadvantages. The majority of them had high self- efficacy related to smoking temptation situations and its avoidance.

  Conclusion: The results show that most of the students have a favorite attitude toward smoking and its complication, based on health belief model. Hence, it is a necessity to maintain and reinforce this condition to prevent from smoking.

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  Background and Objective: Chronic neurologic diseases due to associated disabilities and high cost of ­their medical services are considered as a crisis for patients and family. The stress caused by these problems can jeopardize the health of the caregivers. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the general health status of neurologic patients’ caregivers and the related factors.

  Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted in 2009, the caregivers of the patients with neurological disorders (n=200) were selected via convenience sampling.­ The data was gathered by a demographic checklist and general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) completed by caregivers and analyzed by descriptive statistic­, Pearson correlation coefficient and chi square, using SPSS-16.

  Results: The mean age is 31.78±9.94 and 59.5% of the subjects are males. The caregivers (72.5%) general health is disturbed (Score more than 23 based on GHQ-28 cut of point). General health of male and female caregivers is significantly different (P<0.05). Between the subscales of GHQ-28, female caregivers compared to males have higher depression score, which is significant (P<0.05).­ ­The caregivers’ general health are correlated with (P<0.05) the patient’s care dependency and the income of family. ­There is no significant relationship between general health and demographic variables such as marital status, history of the disease and educational level.

  Conclusion: Based on the results, significant percent of caregivers of the patients with neurological disorders suffer from disrupted general health. Thus, the presence of supportive resources and effective coping skills can be effective in improving the health.

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Background: Intravenous catheterization is one of the most common invasive interventions in the nursing profession which is associated with pain and patient dissatisfaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of topical lavender essential oil on the severity of pain caused by intravenous catheterization.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial performed on 66 elective surgery candidates in Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Sabzevar in 2017. The eligible patients was recruited through convenient sampling method considering inclusion criteria they were then randomly allocated into intervention (n=33) and placebo (n=33) groups using permutation blocks. 3 puffs of lavender essential oil were used onto the insertion sites of patients in the intervention group, while in the placebo group there were applied 3 puffs of distilled water. Severity of pain was measured using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at immediate, 5 and 10 minutes after intravenous catheterization. Data was presented descriptive statistics and analyzed using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney in SPSS-16. The P-value less than 0.05 considered significant.
Results: The mean score of pain severity in the intervention group immediately, 5 minutes and 10 minutes after the intravenous catheterization was 3.00±2.23, 1.36±1.08 and 0.51±1.14, while in patient of placebo group was 5.72±2.46, 3.12±2.23 and 1.8±1.50 respectively, there was a statistically significant difference between groups.
Conclusions: The present study showed that the use of topical lavender essential oil is effective in decreasing pain severity caused by the intravenous catheter insertion. Therefore, the topical lavender essential oil can be used to prevent pain in patients before catheter insertion.