Background: One of the main pillars of sustainable development is health and wellness which is an integral part of improving the quality of life. Lack of hygiene facilities and human resources and their inadequate distribution in urban and rural areas are major problems in providing health services in third world countries. The main and important reasons for inequalities in the distribution of health sector resources include inappropriate and poor budget allocation to the health sector, inadequate and long-term planning. This study was conducted to determine the degree of development of Abadan, Khorramshahr and Shadegan cities in terms of health indicators using numerical taxonomy model.
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 3 cities of Abadan, Khorramshahr and Shadegan in Khuzestan province in 2016. The data collection tool was a checklist containing information needed to calculate 15 health indices that were collected from Abadan Medical School Deputy of Health. The numerical taxonomy of these cities was evaluated in terms of degree of development of health indicators.
Results: According to the values of the upper and lower limits of homogeneity distance and the values of the shortest distance between cities, it was found that all cities (regions) were homogeneous and were in the same group. Finally, the results showed that Abadan is considered to be developed (0.47), Shadegan under developed (0.78) and Khorramshahr undeveloped (0.81).
Conclusion: Regarding the results obtained for improving the health status and managing the health sector, it is suggested that a comprehensive development-based program to be developed for reducing gaps and inequalities in terms of health indicators and to pay specific attention to the main development indicators of health care system based on population in each region.

Background: Tehran metropolis has been the center of urban growth in Iran in recent decades, which has led to the growth of psychological problems and stressful events. The present study aimed to determine the distribution of stressful events in different districts of Tehran.
Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study examined 5,985 citizens of Tehran in 2018. Subjects were selected via multi-stage cluster sampling, and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire to measure stressful events. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, respectively.  Eleven stressors were extracted based on factor analysis, which were scored from 0 to 100. Mean scores of stressful events were compared using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey's post hoc test. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 16 and AMOS 18. The statistical significance level was set to 0.05.
Results: The mean total score of stressful events was 6.78. The highest and lowest scores of stressful events were related to fear of the future (15.15) and academic changes (1.11), respectively. Results of the Tukey's post hoc test indicated differences between districts 12 and 20 in political problems, between districts 11 and 16 in neighborhood underdevelopment and social harm, between districts 16 and 19 in the livelihood problems, and between districts 1 and 2 in educational problems and educational changes. Moreover, mean scores of stressful events were highest in districts 1 in terms of worry about the future, in district 22 in terms of individual changes, in district 20 in terms of occupational difficulty, and in district 18 in terms of housing problems. There was no significant difference in the mean scores of stressful events due to employment and family relationships between the districts.
Conclusion: Based on the results, residents in less developed districts of Tehran, with poor urban facilities, are less affected by events due to subsistence, occupational, and economic issues, while residents in more developed districts are more affected by non-subsistence events, such as filtering, political instability, social constraints, and other factors.

Background: One of the main responsibilities of the parents is training toddlers how to control urination. Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) is a useful method of toilet training for children. Video modeling is an important tool for teaching new motor skills to both children and adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Toddlers’ Daily Toilet Training (TDTT) based on DAP on duration of toilet training in toddlers.
Methods: This quasi-experimental field trial was conducted in healthcare centers of Isfahan, Iran, in 2018-2019. Overall, 130 pair of mothers and their 18-24 months old infants were recruited using multi-stage sampling. The subjects were then divided into a control (n=75) and an intervention (n=55) group by random assignment. At the beginning of the DAP-based approach, the subjects were assessed every 2-4 weeks in terms of readiness for toilet training by using the Child and Mother Readiness Assessment Checklist. After achieving 80% score in the checklist, the mothers in the intervention group participated in TDTT program, while the control group received no intervention. For both groups, another checklist was completed every two weeks to determine toilet training duration and time to achieve urination control. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS18 software using the independent t-tests, Chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney test at significance level of 0.05.
Results: The mean duration of daily urination control in the control group (43.6±22.58 days) was significantly longer than in the TDTT group (28.71±12.12 days) (P=0.02). The age of readiness in both group ranged from 21 to 27 months. The duration of urination control was significantly associated with the mother's level of education (P=0.04) but inversely related to the age of achieving readiness (P=0.03) and the mother's employment status (P=0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results, the TDTT program using video modeling and the DAP approach is effective in shortening the duration of toilet training in toddlers.