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  Background and Objective : Trichomonas vaginalis infection is a common sexually transmitted protozoal infection and is associated with several adverse outcomes such as preterm labour, delivery of a low-birth weight infant, and facilitation of sexually transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. In Iran, the prevalence of trichomoniasis has been reported between 2 to 8%. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of this infection among women referred to a laboratory in Zanjan.

  Material and Methods: ­In this Cross-sectional study, 328 women were selected via convenience sampling. Because of vaginal discharge, itching, burning and malodor, they were referred to a laboratory by a gynecologist. After preparing a demographical check list, the vaginal specimens were examined by wet smears for Trichomonas vaginalis, in 2010. To analyze the data, we use chi square and fisher exact test.

  Results: The clients (54.43%) ­are 25-­34 years old, homemaker­(87%), illiterate or­­ primary school education­ (48%).­The prevalence of T.­ Vaginalis infection is­ 6.4%.­ there is no significant relationship between T.­Vaginalis infection and factors like age, education level, marriage age, contraceptive method, occupation, dwelling place and number of labour.

  Conclusion: In comparison with other studies, the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Zanjan is moderate. Because of co-existing with other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), we suggest conducting further studies about the prevalence of other STDs in Zanjan.

  Keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis, Prevalence, Zanjan

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Background and Objective: Back pain is one of the most common and most costly occupational injuries‌. Due to the nature of nursing career, low- back pain is highly prevalent in nurses. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of low-back pain and its correlation with nurses’ demographic characteristics and occupational factors in hospitals of Isfahan, Iran.
Material and Methods: This descriptive- co relational study was conducted on 244 out of 260 nurses selected via stratified random sampling‌. Using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Functional Disability Questionnaire (ODQ), the Pain and functional disability variables were measured, respectively.‌ To analyze the data, we used independent t-test and correlation coefficient-(p<0.05).
Results: The findings showed that 55% of the nurses have different intensity of low back pain (LBP). ‌The LBP and monthly working hours (r=0.55), LBP and functional disability (r=0.53), LBP and age(r =0.30), and LBP and record of services (0.29) were significantly correlated, But it was not the case‌ for‌ LBP and gender.
Conclusion: Based on the findings that about 55% of the nurses suffer from low- back pain, ‌it seems that ‌a comprehensive change in life style and physical activity pattern of the nurses are paramount importance.

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Background: Domestic violence (DV) against women is a global public health concern. The study was conducted to determine the associated factors of domestic violence against infertile women.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 379 infertile women referred to the infertility clinic in Sari, between October 2015 and March 2016. The convenience sampling was used considering inclusion criteria. Data was collected using Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). Data was presented with descriptive statistics and Logistic regression to determine associated factors with DV in SPSS-16 software. The significant level was considered P<0.05.
Results: Finding showed that majority of infertile women (88.9%) experienced domestic violence. The age (OR=0.91 95% CI: 0.85-0.99) and smoking (OR=8.12 95% CI: 1.87-35.21) with domestic violence.
Conclusions: Regarding the high prevalence of domestic violence and its consequence on society, screening violence in health centers and support at-risk family via counseling are recommended.

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Background: Recirculation is a phenomenon in hemodialysis where purified blood re-enters the dialyzer and is cleaned again, which can negatively impact the adequacy and quality of hemodialysis. As quality hemodialysis is crucial for the treatment of hemodialysis patients, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of recirculation and its related factors in patients undergoing hemodialysis in medical centers in Golestan province, Iran in 2019.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis in medical centers in Golestan province, northeastern Iran. The study included 324 patients, selected using a stratified sampling method. Demographic and clinical data were recorded, and recirculation was measured by assessing urea levels based on the two-needle method, with a cut-off point of 10%. Patients were categorized into two groups based on recirculation percentage, with and without recirculation. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) with descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency) and inferential statistics (chi-square test and Fisher's exact test for low frequency cases, and t-test to compare quantitative variables) at a confidence level of 0.05.
Results: The study found that the prevalence of recirculation in hemodialysis patients in Golestan province, Iran was 22.5%. There was a significant relationship between pump speed, arterial needle location (above the venous needle), venous-arterial needle distance from each other, and recirculation. The mean pump speed was 251.64 rpm, and the venous-arterial needle distance was 4.12 cm significantly lower in the recirculation group than in the no-recirculation group. There was also a significant relationship between recirculation and the way catheter lines were connected (arterial line connected to venous line) (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of recirculation, and the ability to modify some of its related factors, nurses should take strategies and create suitable conditions for efficient hemodialysis for patients undergoing hemodialysis.

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